The Structure of English

Speakers and writers organise the elements of the English language to convey messages which can be instantly decoded by listeners or by readers. We investigate the elements of grammar (syntax and morphology), as well as exploring connections between grammar and meaning (semantics). We begin with the grammar of Standard Modern English, learning terms and analytical techniques which linguists use to study and describe grammar. The structural characteristics of English are compared with those of other languages. We then examine variation in English, including regional dialects, social and stylistic variation. Special attention is paid to 'new Englishes' which are varieties of English that exist alongside other languages in bi- or multilingual contexts such as in Singapore or India. Note: While the course is not aimed at improving the English of non-native speakers, students with English as a second language should find that this course will improve their understanding of the workings of the language at a deep level and have practical effects in helping them to eliminate systematic errors in their English. These students as well as native speakers of English will learn metalanguage which will be of assistance to them in understanding and acting on constructive criticisms made by teachers on the language of their essays and other writing.